Current psychology letters, 18, Vol. 1, 2006 | 2006
نویسندگان
چکیده
This study addressed the relationships between organizational processing and acquisition /forgetting processes. Twenty-two young and 22 older adults were tested using three study andfree-recall test trials involving related or unrelated words. Performances in all trials wereanalyzed in terms of the number of words recalled, clustering measures (PF and ARC), and wordsgained and lost (Dunlosky & Salthouse, 1996). For material manipulation, the older groupbenefited more from repeated trials when the words were related, indicating that organizationalprocesses are less spontaneously initiated with age. This finding is confirmed by a significant ageeffect on the episodic component of organizational processing (PF clustering scores), but no ageeffect on its semantic component (ARC scores). For gain and loss scores, gains (acquisitionprocesses) played a major role in age differences in the learning of unrelated words while losses(forgetting processes) had more impact on the learning of related words. In addition, thecorrelational results indicated that the episodic organization component (PF scores) seemed toprevent item losses in the younger group, whereas it was less salient in the older adults. Cette étude s’adresse aux relations entre les processus d’organisation et les processusd’acquisition et d’oubli.Vingt-deux participants jeunes et 22 participants âgés ont été soumis àdeux tâches de rappels libres successifs (3 présentations suivies chacune d’un rappel) variant parla nature du matériel à mémoriser (liste de mots reliés vs. non reliés). Les performancesobtenues à chaque essai de rappel ont été analysées en termes de nombre de mots rappelés, demesures d’organisation (scores PF et ARC) et de gains / pertes (mots gagnés ou perdus entre deuxessais) (Dunlosky & Salthouse, 1996). Les résultats indiquent que les essais successifs sont plusbénéfiques pour les âgés lorsque le matériel est relié révélant ainsi une difficulté à auto-initier lesprocessus d’organisation. Aussi, cette difficulté intéresse principalement la composanteépisodique des mécanismes d’organisation (effet significatif de l’âge sur les scores PF) plutôt quela composante sémantique (absence d’effet d’âge sur les scores ARC). De plus, les résultatsportant sur les gains et les pertes indiquent que les mécanismes d’acquisition jouent un rôle plusimportant dans les différences liées à l’âge dans l’apprentissage d’un matériel non-relié alors queles processus d’oubli contribuent plus aux difficultés d’apprentissage d’un matériel relié. Enfin,la composante épisodique des mécanismes d’organisation semble jouer un rôle préventif contrel’oubli (corrélation négative entre les pertes et les scores PF) chez les participants jeunes, et cerôle est diminué avec l’âge.
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